VERITY RESEARCHA LIBRARY OF POSSIBILITY

Small molecules.
Big questions.

FOLLOW YOUR CURIOSITY

Explore the science, the emerging ideas, and the conversations moving peptide research forward.

From the lab.
To a bigger conversation.

Original studies, scientific reviews, and community perspectives, organized around the possibilities being explored. Each source tells you what was studied—and where the idea comes from.

39 curated sources24 compounds explored

EXPLORE THE EVIDENCE

Your next rabbit hole.

THE RESEARCH LIBRARY / 01

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Physical performance

Muscle function, endurance, and cellular energy.

8 sources to explore

Research paper

MOTS-C2021

MOTS-C links exercise signals to physical capacity (opens in a new tab)

MOTS-C treatment improved running performance in young and older mice. In a separate human experiment, exercise increased naturally produced MOTS-C in muscle and blood.

Mixed evidence

Inside this research

Late-life treatment also improved physical capacity in mice.

The human component measured an exercise response, not the effects of administering MOTS-C.

MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis
Joseph C. Reynolds et al. · Nature Communications, 2021

Nature CommunicationsRead paper (opens in a new tab)

Scientific review

BPC-1572019

Why tendon researchers are interested in BPC-157 (opens in a new tab)

This scholarly review examines BPC-157 research in tendon, ligament, and muscle repair, including the challenge of healing tissues with limited blood supply.

Mixed evidence

Inside this research

The authors identify tissue restoration as a promising development direction.

The reviewed repair evidence is predominantly preclinical and concentrated in a small research network.

Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing
Daniel Gwyer, Nicholas M. Wragg, and Samantha L. Wilson · Cell and Tissue Research, 2019

Cell and Tissue ResearchRead review (opens in a new tab)

Community perspective

MOTS-C2023

Why longevity writers follow the MOTS-C exercise signal (opens in a new tab)

Reason places MOTS-C within the search for treatments that reproduce useful exercise signals, linking mitochondrial communication and metabolic regulation to a cited research review.

Commentary

Inside this perspective

The editorial asks how much of exercise’s broad biology a single signaling molecule could reproduce.

A short editorial built around a review excerpt; exercise-induced MOTS-C in people is separate from administering the peptide.

A Discussion of Mitochondrially Derived Peptide MOTS-c
Reason · Fight Aging!, 2023

Fight Aging!Read article (opens in a new tab)

Community perspective

Tirzepatide2025

Tirzepatide and the question of preserving lean tissue (opens in a new tab)

Attia’s team examines a small tirzepatide study asking whether diet composition influences the mix of fat and lean tissue lost. The discussion shifts attention from the scale to body composition during weight reduction.

Commentary

Inside this perspective

The tirzepatide section compares changes in lean tissue under two different dietary approaches.

The relevant pilot was nonrandomized and the diets differed in protein as well as carbohydrate; it cannot isolate a ketosis effect.

Research Worth Sharing: July 2025 Edition
Kathryn Birkenbach, Taylor Yeater, and Peter Attia · Peter Attia MD, 2025

Peter Attia MDRead article (opens in a new tab)

Research paper

Epithalamin2011

Epithalamin and long-term cardiovascular aging (opens in a new tab)

An older comparative study followed 79 coronary patients. The authors reported better preservation of physical endurance, melatonin rhythms, and survival with Epithalamin added to usual care.

Human research

Inside this research

The publication reports a 15-year follow-up.

This small study concerns a pineal peptide extract, not synthetic Epitalon; its findings need independent confirmation.

Peptide geroprotector from the pituitary gland inhibits rapid aging of elderly people: results of 15-year follow-up.
O. V. Korkushko et al. · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2011

Bulletin of Experimental Biology and MedicineRead paper (opens in a new tab)

Research paper

SS-312021

SS-31 improves mitochondrial energy capacity in older muscle (opens in a new tab)

In a randomized trial of 39 older adults with reduced mitochondrial function, a single elamipretide infusion increased muscle ATP production capacity shortly after treatment. Measured fatigue resistance did not improve.

Human research

Inside this research

The percent change in ATP production capacity favored elamipretide immediately after infusion; the absolute change narrowly missed statistical significance.
No difference in ATP production capacity was found seven days after treatment.
The study did not demonstrate improved fatigue resistance.

A small acute infusion study in selected older adults; it does not establish lasting exercise, fatigue, or anti-aging benefits.

In vivo mitochondrial ATP production is improved in older adult skeletal muscle after a single dose of elamipretide in a randomized trial
Roshanravan B, Liu SZ, Ali AS, et al. · PLOS ONE, 2021

PLOS ONERead paper (opens in a new tab)

Research paper

SS-312021

Elamipretide research explores muscle function in Barth syndrome (opens in a new tab)

In 12 people with Barth syndrome, the randomized phase did not meet its walking-distance or symptom endpoints. Improvements in walking distance, symptoms, and knee-extensor strength were later reported during an open-label extension.

Human research

Inside this research

The 12-week randomized crossover phase did not meet either primary endpoint.
Eight participants reached 36 weeks of the open-label extension, which reported functional improvements.

The extension had no concurrent placebo group. Barth syndrome results and the studied formulation do not establish benefits for healthy users or this research vial.

A phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate the effectiveness of elamipretide in Barth syndrome, a genetic disorder of mitochondrial cardiolipin metabolism
Thompson WR, Hornby B, Manuel R, et al. · Genetics in Medicine, 2021

Genetics in MedicineRead paper (opens in a new tab)

Research paper

SS-312023

A larger trial tests elamipretide for mitochondrial muscle disease (opens in a new tab)

MMPOWER-3 tested whether elamipretide could improve walking distance and fatigue in primary mitochondrial myopathy. At 24 weeks, neither primary outcome improved compared with placebo.

Human research

Inside this research

The randomized trial assessed the six-minute walk test and patient-reported fatigue.
Neither primary endpoint showed an improvement over placebo at 24 weeks.

Findings apply to the primary mitochondrial myopathy population studied; they should not be conflated with trials in Barth syndrome.

Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial
Karaa A, et al. · Neurology, 2023

NeurologyRead paper (opens in a new tab)

Opening the research library…

A NOTE ON READING RESEARCH

Stay curious.
Read the source.

Categories describe areas of research and proposed benefits. A result in cells or animals is a starting point for exploration; it does not establish the same effect in people.

Community perspectives capture ideas and experiences from the wider conversation. Their claims remain attributed to their authors. Open any source to explore its methods, context, and conclusions.

Small molecules.Big questions.

Your next rabbit hole.

Physical performance

Stay curious.Read the source.

Your next rabbit hole.

Physical performance

Small molecules.
Big questions.

Stay curious.
Read the source.